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[EDITORIAL] A Scientific Approach to Policy
Author: Bruce Alberts

[EDITORIAL] Scientists and Human Rights
Authors: Leonard Rubenstein, Mona Younis

[NEWS] TAINTED MILK SCANDAL: Chinese Probe Unmasks High-Tech Adulteration With Melamine
A weeks-long investigation into China's tainted milk scandal has left scientists astonished by the technical sophistication of those who used melamine to adulterate food products. Authors: Hao Xin, Richard Stone

[NEWS] FRANCE: Will French Science Swallow Zerhouni's Strong Medicine?
In a surprisingly blunt report released on 13 November, a high-wattage international committee, led by former U.S. National Institutes of Health director Elias Zerhouni, proposes a massive overhaul of French life sciences research that would create a single, strong funding agency and likely spell the death of several existing institutes. Author: Martin Enserink

[NEWS] ASTRONOMY: Giant Scope Heads Europe's Wish List
European astronomers have asked policymakers to green-light a 42-meter-wide giant telescope that they promise will keep them at the forefront of world astronomy. Author: Daniel Clery

[NEWS] HUMAN GENETICS: Interest Rises in DNA Copy Number Variations--Along With Questions
At the annual meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics last week, the hot topic was duplicated or missing blocks of DNA, known as copy number variations--the study of which, like any emerging field, is plagued by uncertainty. Author: Jennifer Couzin

[NEWS] SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: Science Goes Hollywood: NAS Links With Entertainment Industry
The National Academy of Sciences has launched a collaboration called the Science & Entertainment Exchange that it hopes will "be a service to all of Hollywood" by connecting scientific authorities to the people who produce, write, direct, and animate films and TV shows. Author: Jon Cohen

[NEWS FOCUS] ECOLOGY: Canada's Experimental Lakes
In remote Ontario, a network of lakes is dedicated to bold ecological manipulations. Research there has helped explain algal blooms and acid rain. As the unique outdoor lab turns 40, some wonder whether it is past its prime. Author: Erik Stokstad

[NEWS FOCUS] ECOLOGY: Contaminating a Lake to Save Others
Over the past 9 years, some 15 principal investigators from eight institutions have joined forces at a remote experimental station in Canada (see main text) to tease apart how mercury in air pollution cycles through the environment. Author: Erik Stokstad

[NEWS FOCUS] PROFILE: ADAM RIESS: A Universe Past the Braking Point
A decade after racing to tell the world about "dark energy," an acclaimed astrophysicist pushes to streamline the search for Type Ia supernovae--celestial milestones that may help explain space's ever-accelerating expansion. Author: Yudhijit Bhattacharjee

[NEWS FOCUS] CRYPTOGRAPHY: University Hackers Test the Right to Expose Security Concerns
When students in the Netherlands picked apart the world's most common smart card system, were they torpedoing its manufacturer or protecting the public's right to know? Author: Adrian Cho

[LETTERS] The Price of Exploration
Author: James. B. Garvin

[LETTERS] Research Funding: Less Should Be More
Author: Rui Sousa

[LETTERS] Cell Phone and DNA Story Overlooked Studies
Authors: Vini G. Khurana;, Gretchen Vogel

[LETTERS] Flaunting the Feminine Side of Research Studies
Author: Phyllis Greenberger

[TECHNICAL COMMENT] Comment on “Climate-Driven Ecosystem Succession in the Sahara: The Past 6000 Years”
Authors: Victor Brovkin, Martin Claussen

[TECHNICAL RESPONSE] Response to Comment on “Climate-Driven Ecosystem Succession in the Sahara: The Past 6000 Years”
Authors: S. Kröpelin, D. Verschuren, A.-M. Lézine

[BOOKS ET AL.] EVOLUTION: All for One and One for All
Summarizing the past couple of decades of research on the ecology and evolution of social insects-with their tightly knit colonies, altruistic cooperation, complex communication, and division of labor-Hölldobler and Wilson argue that these "superorganisms" represent a basic stage of biological organization, between the organism and the species. Author: James H. Hunt

[BOOKS ET AL.] ENERGY: Promising the Sun
Focusing on scientists who have attempted to harness fusion to generate power, Seife sketches the history of fusion research over the past six decades. Author: Frank N. von Hippel

[EDUCATION FORUM] THE PIPELINE: Scientific Teaching in Practice
A new generation of university scientists is learning to teach using a scientific teaching approach. Authors: Sarah Miller, Christine Pfund, Christine Maidl Pribbenow, Jo Handelsman

[EDUCATION FORUM] ASSESSMENT: Global Sex Differences in Test Score Variability
International testing results show greater variance in boys' scores than in girls' scores. Authors: Stephen Machin, Tuomas Pekkarinen

[PERSPECTIVES] CHEMISTRY: A Tamed Reactive Intermediate
The highly reactive germanium dication is isolated by trapping it in a molecular cage. Author: Joseph B. Lambert

[PERSPECTIVES] PHYSICS: Reflections on a Wall of Light
Single-photon cooling of atoms offers a rare view of a real-life Maxwell's demon. Author: P.-M. Binder

[PERSPECTIVES] ASTRONOMY: Exoplanets--Seeing Is Believing
Direct observations have been made of the infrared and optical signatures of planets orbiting distant stars. Author: Mark S. Marley

[PERSPECTIVES] MICROBIOLOGY: An Antibiotic Mimics Immunity
Certain compounds generate reactive nitrogen intermediates in bacteria, contributing to their antimicrobial effect. Author: Carl Nathan

[PERSPECTIVES] GEOCHEMISTRY: Carbon in Charge
Laboratory data suggest that enhanced conductivity in the deep mantle can be caused by extremely small amounts of carbon-rich melt. Author: Rob L. Evans

[PERSPECTIVES] BIOCHEMISTRY: Controlled Chaos
The availability and abundance of intrinsically disordered proteins inside a cell is under tight control. Authors: Vladimir N. Uversky, A. Keith Dunker

[AAAS AFFAIRS] AAAS News and Notes
A monthly roundup of recent news and projects of Science's publisher, the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Author:

[BREVIA] A Simple Law for Ice-Shelf Calving
An empirical model of iceberg production as an ice shelf that buttresses a glacier spread may help to predict glacial flow and sea level rise as Earth's climate warms. Authors: Richard B. Alley, Huw J. Horgan, Ian Joughin, Kurt M. Cuffey, Todd K. Dupont, Byron R. Parizek, Sridhar Anandakrishnan, Jeremy Bassis

[RESEARCH ARTICLES] Optical Images of an Exosolar Planet 25 Light-Years from Earth
Images from the Hubble Space Telescope reveal a Jupiter-sized planet, perhaps with a surrounding dust disk, orbiting about 115 astronomical units from a nearby main sequence star. Authors: Paul Kalas, James R. Graham, Eugene Chiang, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Mark Clampin, Edwin S. Kite, Karl Stapelfeldt, Christian Marois, John Krist

[RESEARCH ARTICLES] Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
Infrared images from the Keck and Gemini telescopes reveal three giant planets orbiting counterclockwise around a young star, in a scaled-up version of our solar system. Authors: Christian Marois, Bruce Macintosh, Travis Barman, B. Zuckerman, Inseok Song, Jennifer Patience, David Lafrenière, René Doyon

[RESEARCH ARTICLES] Detection of GTP-Tubulin Conformation in Vivo Reveals a Role for GTP Remnants in Microtubule Rescues
GTP-bound tubulin is found at microtubule ends in living cells and also within microtubules, where it may promote repolymerization and avert microtubule collapse. Authors: Ariane Dimitrov, Mélanie Quesnoit, Sandrine Moutel, Isabelle Cantaloube, Christian Poüs, Franck Perez

[REPORTS] Resolving Vacuum Fluctuations in an Electrical Circuit by Measuring the Lamb Shift
A solid-state qubit in an electrical circuit connected to a vacuum field shows a shift in its transition energy level, a classic quantum effect typically seen in isolated atoms. Authors: A. Fragner, M. Göppl, J. M. Fink, M. Baur, R. Bianchetti, P. J. Leek, A. Blais, A. Wallraff

[REPORTS] A Cryptand-Encapsulated Germanium(II) Dication
A cage-like molecule typically used to sequester hard metal cations such as Ca2+ in solution proves capable of capturing the softer, elusive free germanium ion Ge₂₊. Authors: Paul A. Rupar, Viktor N. Staroverov, Kim M. Baines

[REPORTS] Carbonatite Melts and Electrical Conductivity in the Asthenosphere
The electrical conductivity of molten carbonates is higher than that of silicate minerals; thus, minor amounts of carbonate melt could explain electrical signals of Earth's mantle. Authors: Fabrice Gaillard, Mohammed Malki, Giada Iacono-Marziano, Michel Pichavant, Bruno Scaillet

[REPORTS] Tight Regulation of Unstructured Proteins: From Transcript Synthesis to Protein Degradation
Yeast proteins with unstructured regions tend to be highly regulated, consistent with the idea that these regions may mediate critical regulatory protein-protein interactions. Authors: Jörg Gsponer, Matthias E. Futschik, Sarah A. Teichmann, M. Madan Babu

[REPORTS] Structural Evidence for Common Ancestry of the Nuclear Pore Complex and Vesicle Coats
The protein complex that controls entry and exit from the cell nucleus shares a structural element with vesicle coat proteins, suggesting that it is built around a lattice-like scaffold. Authors: Stephen G. Brohawn, Nina C. Leksa, Eric D. Spear, Kanagalaghatta R. Rajashankar, Thomas U. Schwartz

[REPORTS] The Widespread Threat of Calcium Decline in Fresh Waters
As calcium levels decline in Canadian lakes, populations of a keystone prey crustacean are being depleted, with likely consequences for freshwater food webs. Authors: Adam Jeziorski, Norman D. Yan, Andrew M. Paterson, Anna M. DeSellas, Michael A. Turner, Dean S. Jeffries, Bill Keller, Russ C. Weeber, Don K. McNicol, Michelle E. Palmer, Kyle McIver, Kristina Arseneau, Brian K. Ginn, Brian F. Cumming, John P. Smol

[REPORTS] Genomic Analysis of the Clonal Origins of Relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
The cells responsible for relapse of a particular type of leukemia are often not the same cells that gave rise to the original disease. Authors: Charles G. Mullighan, Letha A. Phillips, Xiaoping Su, Jing Ma, Christopher B. Miller, Sheila A. Shurtleff, James R. Downing

[REPORTS] A Genetic Framework for the Control of Cell Division and Differentiation in the Root Meristem
The number of stem cells in plant roots is controlled by an auxin-cytokine feedback loop in which a particular gene integrates signals from both hormones. Authors: Raffaele Dello Ioio, Kinu Nakamura, Laila Moubayidin, Serena Perilli, Masatoshi Taniguchi, Miyo T. Morita, Takashi Aoyama, Paolo Costantino, Sabrina Sabatini

[REPORTS] Chromosome Alignment and Transvection Are Antagonized by Condensin II
A Drosophila protein required for dissolution of homologous chromosome bundles independently prevents long-distance effects of one allele on the transcription of its homolog. Authors: Tom A. Hartl, Helen F. Smith, Giovanni Bosco

[REPORTS] An Epigenetic Role for Maternally Inherited piRNAs in Transposon Silencing
In Drosophila, small RNAs derived from transposons are inherited from the mother and directly inhibit activation of these potentially detrimental transposons in offspring. Authors: Julius Brennecke, Colin D. Malone, Alexei A. Aravin, Ravi Sachidanandam, Alexander Stark, Gregory J. Hannon

[REPORTS] PA-824 Kills Nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Intracellular NO Release
An unusual drug candidate for resistant tuberculosis generates nitrous acid and thus acts as an intracellular nitric oxide donor, augmenting the innate immune system. Authors: Ramandeep Singh, Ujjini Manjunatha, Helena I. M. Boshoff, Young Hwan Ha, Pornwaratt Niyomrattanakit, Richard Ledwidge, Cynthia S. Dowd, Ill Young Lee, Pilho Kim, Liang Zhang, Sunhee Kang, Thomas H. Keller, Jan Jiricek, Clifton E. Barry 3rd

[REPORTS] Absence of the SRC-2 Coactivator Results in a Glycogenopathy Resembling Von Gierke’s Disease
In mice, a coactivator binds to a nuclear orphan receptor and regulates glucose-6-phosphatase transcription and thus glucose homeostasis. Authors: Atul R. Chopra, Jean-Francois Louet, Pradip Saha, Jie An, Franco DeMayo, Jianming Xu, Brian York, Saul Karpen, Milton Finegold, David Moore, Lawrence Chan, Christopher B. Newgard, Bert W. O’Malley

This Week in Science
Martian Reservoirs | Visions from Afar | Massive Stars and MAGIC Crab Nebula | GPCR Structural Diversity | Light from Below | Promoting Polyandry | Modeling Subcellular Morphogenesis | Dinospore Control | Wnts and the Brain Vasculature | A Drive Along the Metabolic Information Highway | No Escape for Insect Pathogens | Long Live the Standard Model | Accelerated Imaging | Mussel-ing in on Evolution | University Challenge

Editors' Choice
ECOLOGY: Harmonious Agriculture | BIOCHEMISTRY: Out of Thin Air | EVOLUTION: Fishing for Worms | CHEMISTRY: Tubular Templates | GEOLOGY: Breaking Early and Often | BIOMEDICINE: Helpful Bystanders | MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Acting at a Distance

Science Scope
Obama Transition: Agencies, Meet Microscope | E Pluribus Unum | INSERM in Flux? | Stretching Out LHC Repairs | Gene Tests Under Scrutiny